The relationship between constitutionalization and fragmentation in international law and law beyond the state as well as the existence of constitutional fragments represents another central issue in the debate, as exemplified in Jakubowski and Wierczyska 2016, Peters 2017, and Teubner 2012. The protection of individual rights, meanwhile, has become the concern of supranational institutions, particularly since the mid-20th century. The American idea that the basic rules that guide the operations of government should be stated in an orderly, comprehensive document quickly became popular. To save content items to your account, This feature made it possible to establish institutional controls over the conformity of legislation with the group of rules considered, within the system, to be of supreme importance. Treaties also have been classified according to their object, as follows: (1) political treaties, including peace treaties, alliances, territorial cessions, and disarmament treaties; (2) commercial treaties, including tariff, consular, fishery, and navigation agreements; (3) constitutional and administrative treaties, such as the conventions establishing and regulating international unions, organizations, and specialized agencies; (4) treaties relating to criminal justice, such as the treaties defining international crimes and providing for extradition; (5) treaties relating to civil justice, such as the conventions for the protection of human rights, for trademarks and copyright, and for the execution of the judgments of foreign courts; and (6) treaties codifying international law, such as the procedures for the peaceful settlement of international disputes, rules for the conduct of war, and definitions of the rights and duties of states. For example, whereas the United Nations (UN) Charter (1945) created a binding agreement and is thus a treaty, the Charter of Paris (1990), which established the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (formerly the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe), is not a binding document as such and thus is not officially a treaty.
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