Following the convention established in previous work [e.g., 22], we restricted the present analyses to only those books with a single identifiable protagonist. Given other research suggesting that males are overrepresented when characters are non-human, at least in fiction, the prediction was that books targeted to young children might be less equitable in the representation of male and female characters than books targeted to older children, which could be particularly consequential for our understanding of the early roots of gender biases. This includes the decrease in the proportion of women authors over the whole time period studied, which surprised Underwood. | For books with multiple authors, books were excluded from all analyses if both male and female individuals held authorship (n = 68, or 1.03% of the dataset) but were retained if all authors identified with the same gender. Advertising Notice Toni Morrisons slave novel Beloved became the most influential work of African-American literature of the late 20th century. Generally, algorithms are used to make predictions or detect patterns based on a set of information, but Long says their use for history is that they can detect long-term trends in the past, as well as the present or future. However, in more recent years (i.e., 20002020), only female authors were found to significantly decrease their overrepresentation of male characters in books for younger children. Our results clearly demonstrated that the male-to-female ratio was larger for books authored by men compared to women, B = 1.27, Z = 15.63, p < .001, OR = 3.57, 95% CI = [3.05, 4.20] (Fig 3A). Moreover, as a robustness check, and given the focus of the present study, we also conducted all subsequent analyses on the subset of books published between 2000 and 2020. In the same period, they saw a decline in the number of named women characters. In Mary Ellmann's Thinking About Women , the author speaks of certain characteristics associated with women that help form the archetype of what role a female character may take in a literary . Personally, I disagree with their ideas. It is also possible that patterns of representation may differ across cultural contexts [e.g., 70], highlighting a need for further characterization of gender representation in childrens books from sources outside of the United States. Even before trends in publication reach parity, knowledge of these effects may help parents and educators to select less biased samples of books for individual children. Women were dependent on men, they were helpless and superficial since they could not have their own thoughts, and they could not pursue their dreams as men. Such findings are consistent with a broader literature suggesting that women are paramount in promoting diversity. If we analyze literary texts from that period, we will find common female archetypes of medieval society. equal opportunities in the film industry. Importantly, McCabe and colleagues also found that specific book features affected the proportion of male and female central characters. Conversely, for adaptations of classic stories, the latest publication year was coded, and author credit was given to the adapter, rather than the original author, since more recent publications could involve updates to the gender of the protagonist or other variables of interest (e.g., character type or target audience). Studies since the 1970s have found that many female characters are stereotyped and underrepresented in children's picture books.
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