PORTRAIT OF A SUFI SAINT MUGHAL INDIA, FIRST HALF 17TH CENTURY Painting 3 1. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. Explanation: Any true power or strength that the Ottomans had were not really from themselves but from those they conquered and weapons trade between the Ottomans and the farther east. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans, which is still spoken today in the province of Azerbaijan, in north-western Iran. [75] Temporary terms were followed by the Peace of Amasya in June 1555, ending the war with the Ottomans for the next two decades. Thus Abbas was able to break dependence on the Qizilbash for military might indefinitely, and therefore was able to fully centralize control for the first time since the foundation of the Safavid state. According to Donald Struesand, "although the Safavid unification of the eastern and western halves of the Iranian plateau and imposition of Twelver Shii Islam on the region created a recognizable precursor of modern Iran, the Safavid polity itself was neither distinctively Iranian nor national. According to the Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye:[240]. "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. Stanford Jay Shaw. This was the beginning of the East India Company's long-running interest in Iran. The shah used that occasion to proclaim the 11-year-old Sultan Hamza Mirza (Mahd-i Uly's favorite) crown-prince. [159], Jean Chardin, the 17th-c French traveler, spent many years in Iran and commented at length on their culture, customs and character. For example, soldiers or higher ranked military personnel a social class developed, which is called the warrior aristocracy. [4] The Safavid Shh Ism'l I established the Twelver denomination of Sha Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. Russo-Persian War (1651-1653) - Wikipedia Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. This book was translated into French in 1681 by Angulus de Saint, under the name "Pharmacopoea Persica". ARMY iii. Safavid Period - Encyclopaedia Iranica Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his over 400,000 Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. It lasted from 1501 to 1722 and was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east. The Safavids were descended from Sheikh af al-Dn (12531334) of Ardabl, head of the Sufi order of afaviyyeh (afawiyyah). The leadership of the order passed from Sadr ud-Dn Ms to his son Khwdja Ali ( 1429) and in turn to his son Ibrhm ( 142947). They ruled their provinces like petty shahs and spent all their revenues on their own province, only presenting the Shah with the balance. The land-borne trade would thus continue to provide the bulk of revenues to the Iranian state from transit taxes. The standing army created by Abbas consisted of: (1) 10,00015,000 cavalry ghulm regiments solely composed of ethnic Caucasians, armed with muskets in addition to the usual weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world[115]); (2) a corps of musketeers, tufangchiyn, mainly Iranians, originally foot soldiers but eventually mounted, and (3) a corps of artillerymen, tpchiyn. In return, they had to keep ready a standing army at all times and provide the Shah with military assistance upon his request.
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