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Figure 3.2 The top and middle rows show a waveform and spectrogram, respectively. Lovestrand, J. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Figure 3.20 Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. In Nkuna S53D, Baumbach (1974) indicates that clicks are indifferently pronounced as dental or post-alveolar. H. An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. Lee Ishihara J. S. M. Wentzel These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Zerbian, S. Paper presented at the 8th World Congress of African Linguistics, August Mathangwane, J. T. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. Staubs In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Hinnebusch Arvaniti Whistling fricatives are very rare cross-linguistically, but they do occur in Mozambican Portuguese (Ashby & Barbosa 2011), clearly due to the influence of Bantu languages. Mumba Paris: Centre de Recherches, dEchanges et de Documentation Universitaire. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Lindemann (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. Myers, S. (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Makasso, E.-M. Makuya Figure 3.10 In Phonetica , In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. (2007) The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. Pater A. London: SOAS. (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Y. Figure 3.11 Except in post-nasal environments and sometimes before his reconstructed super-high vowels, the reconstructed voiced plosives most commonly correspond to voiced continuants of one type or another or to implosives in the modern languages. Batibo, H. M. A detailed study of a weakly whistled fricative in Tsonga S53 shows that the narrowed lip posture is accompanied by a retroflex lingual gesture and thus may be transcribed with a retroflex fricative symbol [], e.g., [r] disasters (Lee-Kim et al. (ed. (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker.