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Sweden recognised the existence of the "Smi nation" in 1989, but the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169 has not been adopted. [32] This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to Estonia and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the Finno-Ugric languages in the region.[32][33]. [156], From an indigenous perspective, people "belong to the land", the land does not belong to people, but this does not mean that hunters, herders, and fishing people do not know where the borders of their territories are located as well as those of their neighbors.[95]. [179] This continued on into the 1920s and 1930s, when Smi were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local policesometimes at gunpointto collect data that would justify their own racial theories. The Saami were once nomadic herdsmen, occasionally hunters, whose survival was very dependent on their reindeer herds. According to the Norwegian Smi Parliament, the Smi population of Norway is 40,000. Christianity was introduced by Roman Catholic missionaries as early as the 13th century. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Smi groups themselves and more southern immigrants. [95] Russia has not adopted the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, C169. A lavvo is a circular frame of poles leaning inwards towards a pointy top similar in style to the teepees and wigwams used by the indigenous people of America. Recent genetic studies have indicated that the two most frequent maternal lineages of the Smi people are the haplogroups V (Neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago[174]) and U5b (ancient in Europe). Numerous Smi festivals throughout the Spmi area celebrate different aspects of the Smi culture. Nordic Traits: What Scandinavians Actually Look Like (Complete Guide) Women's gkti typically consist of a dress, a fringed shawl that is fastened with 13 silver brooches, and boots/shoes made of reindeer fur or leather. 80,000, of whom around half live in Norway. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Smi people, even though the three Smi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. [132] The population has been estimated to be between 80,000 and 135,000[133][134] across the whole Nordic region, including urban areas such as Oslo, Norway, traditionally considered outside Spmi. [163] Among other roles, the Noaidi, or Smi shaman, enables ritual communication with the supernatural[164] through the use of tools such as drums, Joik, Fadno, chants, sacred objects, and fly agaric.