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This option can dramatically reduce the time to upgrade a multi-database server running on a multiprocessor machine. This oversight could lead to failure of subsequent PITR recovery attempts. Previously, such cases used the same selectivity estimates as > and <, respectively, unless the comparison constants are MCVs. Worse, the reconnection might succeed but not be encrypted as intended, or be vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks that the intended connection parameters would have prevented. Specifically, the syntax :{?variable_name} allows a variable's existence to be tested in an \if statement. Start the upgrade. To accomplish upgrades you needed to think of other ways of upgrading, such as using pg_upgrade, dumping and restoring, or using some third party tools like Slony or Bucardo, all of them having their own caveats. If you use link mode, the upgrade will be much faster (no file copying) and use less disk space, but you will not be able to access your old cluster once you start the new cluster after the upgrade. A fast upgrade only takes a few minutes, and uses almost no additional disk space. \gset without a prefix would overwrite whatever variables the server told it to. Generally, this option is useful for testing but should not be used on a production installation. pg_dumpall --clean now restores the original locale and encoding settings of the postgres and template1 databases, as well as those of user-created databases. Add an ecpg mode to enable Oracle Pro*C-style handling of char arrays. Previously, WAL was retained for two checkpoints. Once we have our schema in PostgreSQL 11, we create the subscription, replacing the values of host, dbname, user, and password with those that correspond to our environment. Rather, invest a lot of time in testing. pg_upgrade --check will also outline any manual adjustments you will need to make after the upgrade. This is similar to the syntax supported by VACUUM. options to be passed directly to the old postgres command; multiple option invocations are appended, options to be passed directly to the new postgres command; multiple option invocations are appended, the old cluster port number; environment variable PGPORTOLD, the new cluster port number; environment variable PGPORTNEW, retain SQL and log files even after successful completion, directory to use for postmaster sockets during upgrade; default is current working directory; environment variable PGSOCKETDIR, cluster's install user name; environment variable PGUSER. pg_upgrade requires write permission in the current directory. Specifically, the new variables are ERROR, SQLSTATE, ROW_COUNT, LAST_ERROR_MESSAGE, and LAST_ERROR_SQLSTATE. Prevent non-superusers from reindexing shared catalogs (Michael Paquier, Robert Haas). However, when checking an old running server, the old and new port numbers must be different. However, if a fast upgrade fails, you must restore the database from the backup. Allow psql to test for the existence of a variable (Fabien Coelho). This change is particularly helpful for queries involving BETWEEN with small ranges. Remove deprecated adminpack functions pg_file_read(), pg_file_length(), and pg_logfile_rotate() (Stephen Frost).