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The very act of recalling an event changes how we remember it. Far from a reliably faithful rendering of the past, memory is a reconstruction that usually retains the gist but not the details of bygone experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology 15, 73-86. Similarly, reconstructive theories of memory argue that people make use of partial fragmentary information, world knowledge, inferential processes, and so on, to reconstruct a memory of the past event. For instance, racial and gender biases may play into what and how people remember. The Levels of the Memory Processing Model, Misinformation Effect | Examples, Psychology, & Elizabeth Loftus, Controlling for Extraneous Variables: Single Blind, Double Blind & Placebo Methods, Instincts, Emotions & Thought Processes in Behaviorism. An experimental study of the effect of language on the reproduction of visually perceived form. Finally, the emotional tone of the event can have an impact: for instance, if the event was traumatic, exciting, or just physiologically activating, it will increase adrenaline and other neurochemicals that can damage the accuracy of memory recall. Likewise, factors that interfere with a witnesss ability to get a clear view of the eventlike time of day, weather, and poor eyesightcan all lead to false recollections. . Memory Reconstruction, Source Monitoring & Emotional Memories Memory Reconstruction, Source Monitoring & Emotional Memories. If people are shown two circles and a line and are told that the picture represents either glasses or dumbbells, subjects' later drawings of the original picture will assume the suggested appearance (Carmichael, Hogan, and Walter, 1932). The issue of whether memories can be repressed is controversial, to say the least. They know that banks usually have offices or cubicles where loan officers, new account managers, and the like work. Our Faithfulness to the Past: Reconstructing Memory Value Later research on autobiographical memory showed that peoples memories could be distorted by their current self-concept. Details consistent with world knowledge tended to be added. Eyewitness testimony has been considered a credible source in the past, but its reliability has recently come into question. Applied Cognitive Psychology 9, 181-197. A schema is a generalization formed in the mind based on experience. Instead of remembering precise details about commonplace occurrences, people use schemas to create frameworks for typical experiences, which shape their expectations and memories. Students will be able to design an experiment to investigate the effects of schemata on human memory.